Relative abundance of elements in the Earth’s upper crust. Platinum Group Metals The first five elements osmium, iridium, palladium, ruthenium and rhodium are, together with platinum, known somewhat unimaginatively as the (PGM’s). PGM’s are all chemically similar to each other and can substitute for each other in some applications.

They are also often found in the same mineral deposits. PGM’s have a wide variety of uses, but are primarily known for their use in automotive catalytic converts, jewellery, investments and increasingly in advanced electronics. The four main types of economic PGM mineralization are: • Ancient (Precambrian) e.g. Bushveld Complex, South Africa • Meteor impact craters e.g. Sudbury, Ontario. • Intrusive sill structures associated with nickel-copper ores e.g. Norlisk-Talnakh, Russia, Jinchun, China • (stream) gravels.

Osmium crystals Image Osmium is the densest stable element. The blue-grey metal is highly reflective and is used in space mirrors and other industrial mirror applications. It occurs as an alloy most often with iridium and platinum. Like iridium, it’s recovered as a by-product from copper-nickel mines.

Previous industrial uses for osmium have included fountain-pen nibs and record player needles. Today it is used in both electrical and optical microscopy. It is also an important oxidant for industrial applications. Iridium Iridium is found associated with osmium as the alloy “iridosmium” (or “osmiridium” if osmium dominates). Iridium helped answer one of geology’s biggest puzzles – what happened to the dinosaurs?

The comparatively rapid destruction of the dinosaurs occurred around 65 million years ago and marked the end of the Cretaceous era. What caused the extinction of the planet’s most successful animal at the time, has intrigued scientists for many years. The Alvarez Theory proposed that the thin stratum of iridium-rich clay represented the impact of a colossal meteorite, which radically changed the climate and ended the era of the reptiles. As iridium is rare on earth, but much more abundant elsewhere in the universe, the wide-spread, iridium-rich clay is evidence of the pulverisation of something very large of extra-terrestrial origin. Iridium anomalies have since been identified in a number of meteor impact sites. A palladium coin produced by the Royal Canadian Mint. Palladium is an exchange traded metal and these coins are sought after by collectors and speculators.

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Palladium Palladium is found in similar mineral settings as other PGMs. Most palladium is used for catalytic converters, but other uses include jewellery, dentistry and surgical instruments. Download Game Motogp 2013 Pc Highly Compressed. Palladium is also an exchange traded metal (along with platinum, gold and silver) Ruthenium and Rhodium Both these minerals are again by-products of other PGMs and copper-nickel ores, with tiny production figures. Ruthenium is used to harden platinum and palladium alloys to make highly resistant electrical contacts. It is also used as a plating metal.

Rhodium has similar applications but is much more expensive than ruthenium, which is therefore usually used in preference. Rhodium has also been exchange traded and in 2008 traded as high as $10,000 USD per ounce which made it the most expensive metal in the world. Since it is very brittle, it is usually purchased as a powder instead of bars or coins (though some coins and bars are available). Tellurium The town of Telluride, Colorado was named after a hoped-for discovery. Unfortunately the big strike there never occurred.

Tellurium is associated with gold as the minerals calaverite and krennerite, but can also be found as a native metal. Kalgoorlie’s Main Street, no longer paved with tellurium and gold In the late 19th century during the initial gold rush in a grey, dull rock was discarded as waste and re-used to improve the roads and footpaths of the booming town. Several years later the streets were dug up again when the “waste” was identified as calaverite. The only time ever that a boom town’s streets were paved with tellurium! Tellurium is most often found combined with gold, copper and lead. Most production is from as a by-product of refining of these metals, particularly copper.

The supply of tellurium varies depending on the quality of the ore it’s recovered from as processing plants may not recover the tellurium from the waste stream unless it’s economically viable, This makes it particularly difficult to estimate tellurium reserves. Calaverite (gold telluride) crystals from the Cripple Creek District in Colorado. Kaadhal 2004 Tamil Movie Download. Image Tellurium is in demand for fibre optic cables that modern telecommunications depend on.

It is also used in alloys to improve malleability, and in the semi-conductor industry. It is also a key component of cadmium-tellurium photo-voltaic power cells. Rhenium Identified in 1925, rhenium was the last stable element discovered. It is also one of the rarest elements on earth. The main mineral source for rhenium is molybdenite. Chile is the world’s largest producer of rhenium from its porphyry copper deposits. Rhenium, like the PGM minerals is rare on earth compared to the rest of the universe.

This is because as the planet cooled rhenium formed volatile hydrides which were lost to space during planetary formation. Rhenium is important for high-temperature alloys which are in demand from aerospace and petroleum industries. Issues are price volatility unstable supply, demand, speculation and hoarding. The Economics of Rare Metals While a few of these metals (Palladium and Rhodium) are market traded, their prices for others may fluctuate widely as small changes in either supply or demand results in proportionally large distortions of their markets. Some have suggested that demand for these metals may be the impetus of the first commercial space mining operations. Meteorites would make an excellent source of these minerals, so long as we figure out a way to harness their resources without going the way of the dinosaurs.

Although the WPL files are in the My Music My Playlists folder, Windows Media Player no longer seems to recognize them (it used to). It insists that there are no playlists defined. If I use Windows Explorer and right-click and say Play on one or more playlists, Media Player will play the music or videos in the playlist, but it still insists there are no playlists. If I select a playlist, play it, stop the playback, and then save the list, overwriting the original, Windows Media Player still insists there are no playlist. The only way I was able to get Media Player to see a playlist was to save an existing one with a new name.

I'm mystified. Any suggestions on how to get Windows Media Player 12 to realize that there are indeed playlists without my having to save all my playlists with new names?