Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • Usage [ ] In, the word is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country (as in American usage, but where Britons would use ), and to the current political leadership (as in British usage, but where Americans would use ). In federal department, the government has sometimes been referred to by the phrase [last name of prime minister] Government; this terminology has been commonly employed in the media. In late 2010, an informal instruction from the urged government departments to consistently use in all department communications the term (at that time Harper Government) in place of Government of Canada.

The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canada's New Government. Monarchy [ ]. Her Majesty Queen of Canada, wearing her Canadian insignia as Sovereign of the and the is required to enact laws and, as part of the, the gives authority to and, though the authority for these acts stems from the Canadian populace and, within the stipulations of constitutional monarchy, the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is limited. The Royal Prerogative also includes summoning,, and in order to, and extends to foreign affairs: the negotiation and ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and; the accreditation of Canadian, and receipt of foreign, diplomats; and the issuance of passports.

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The person who is monarch of Canada (currently Queen ) is also the monarch of in the, though, he or she reigns separately as, an office that is 'truly Canadian' and 'totally independent from that of the and the other Commonwealth realms'. On the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister, the sovereign appoints a federal viceregal representative—the (currently )—who, since 1947, is permitted to exercise almost all of the monarch's Royal Prerogative, though there are some duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the king or queen. Executive power [ ]. Canada's The is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of. However, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. As the stipulations of require that those who directly advise the monarch and governor general on how to exercise the be accountable to the elected, the day-to-day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in parliament. This body of is the.

One of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a (at present ) to thereafter head the Cabinet. Thus, the governor general must appoint as prime minister the person who holds the of the House of Commons; in practice, this is typically the leader of the that holds more seats than any other party in that chamber, currently the. Should no party hold a majority in the commons, the leader of one party—either the one with the most seats or one supported by other parties—will be called by the governor general to form a. Once sworn in by the viceroy, the prime minister holds office until he or she resigns or is removed by the governor general, after either a or his party's defeat in a general election. The monarch and governor general typically follow the near-binding of their ministers. It is important to note, however, that the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers, who rule 'in trust' for the monarch and, upon losing the confidence of the commons, must relinquish the Crown's power back to it, whereupon a new government, which can hold the lower chamber's confidence, is installed by the governor general. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional situations.

Politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the public's general unfamiliarity with it. Legislative power [ ].

The of the Canadian parliament buildings on The Parliament of Canada, the national legislature located on in the of, consists of the Queen (represented by the governor general), the appointed (), and the elected House of Commons (). The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 senators on the advice of the prime minister, while the 338 members of the House of Commons (Members of Parliament) are directly elected by eligible voters in the Canadian populace, with each member representing a single for a period mandated by law of not more than four years; the constitution mandates a maximum of five years.

Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament; the Senate and Crown rarely oppose its will. The Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act, 1867, outlines that the governor general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queen's name. A parliamentary session lasts until a prorogation, after which, without ceremony, both chambers of the legislature cease all legislative business until the governor general issues another royal proclamation calling for a new session to begin. After a number of such sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, with the prime minister selecting a moment most advantageous to his or her political party.

The end of a parliament may also be necessary, however, if the majority of Members of Parliament revoke their confidence in the Prime Minister's ability to govern, or the legally mandated (as per the ) four-year maximum is reached; no parliament has been allowed to expire in such a fashion. Judicial power [ ]. Supreme Court Building in The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in judicial cases; instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust and in the Queen's name by officers of Her Majesty's courts. The —the country's —has nine justices appointed by the governor general on recommendation by the prime minister and led by the, and hears appeals from decisions rendered by the various appellate courts from the provinces and territories. Below this is the, which hears cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the and.

Federalism [ ]. Main article: The powers of the parliaments in Canada are limited by the constitution, which divides legislative abilities between the federal and provincial governments; in general, the of the may only pass laws relating to topics explicitly reserved for them by the constitution, such as education, provincial officers, municipal government, charitable institutions, and 'matters of a merely local or private nature,' while any matter not under the exclusive authority of the provincial legislatures is within the scope of the federal parliament's power. Thus, the parliament at Ottawa alone can pass laws relating to, amongst other things, the, the,,, navigation and shipping,,,,,,,,, and. In some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague.

For instance, the federal parliament regulates and in general, but the solemnization of marriage is regulated only by the provincial legislatures. Other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate. Public understanding [ ]. Further information: Polls have suggested Canadians generally do not have a solid understanding of, which has been theorised to be a result of less attention being given to the subject in provincial education curricula, beginning in the 1960s. By 2008, a poll showed only 24% of respondents could name the Queen as head of state; Senator wrote five years earlier: 'The Crown has become irrelevant to most Canadian's understanding of our system of Government.' John Robson opined in 2015: 'intellectually, voters and commentators succumb to the mistaken notion that we elect 'governments' of prime ministers and cabinets with untrammelled authority, that indeed ideal 'democracy' consists precisely in this kind of.' Politicians have, on occasion, taken advantage of such misunderstandings, as when then members of the Cabinet, headed by, suggested in 2008 a change of government by way of a non-confidence vote by a coalition of opposition parties was undemocratic and tantamount to a and Harper in 2015 stated Canadian voters elect governments.

See also [ ] •. • See ' and.

• It was said by Helen Forsey: 'The inherent complexity and subtlety of this type of constitutional situation can make it hard for the general public to fully grasp the implications. That confusion gives an unscrupulous government plenty of opportunity to oversimplify and misrepresent, making much of the alleged conflict between popular democracy—supposedly embodied in the Prime Minister—and the constitutional mechanisms at the heart of responsible government, notably the 'reserve powers' of the Crown, which gets portrayed as illegitimate.' As examples, she cited the campaign of following the of 1926 and 's comments during the. References [ ]. • ^ (2008), (1 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 18,, retrieved 21 June 2009 • Government of Canada.. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from on 19 October 2013.

Retrieved 4 June 2010. • Grand Chief's Office,, The Grand Council of Treaty #3, archived from on 4 April 2010, retrieved 4 June 2010 • (February 2009), (PDF) (2 ed.), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 3,, archived from (PDF) on 11 June 2011, retrieved 5 July 2009 • (13 November 2009)..

Toronto: Rogers Communications.. Retrieved 17 November 2009.

• (1867),, III.15, Westminster: Queen's Printer (published 29 March 1867), retrieved 15 January 2009 • ^, p. 17 •, p. 4 • Brooks, Stephen Farper (2007). Canadian Democracy: An Introduction (5 ed.). Don Mills: Oxford University Press. • ^ Cheadle, Bruce (3 March 2011),, The Globe and Mail, retrieved 26 April 2011 •. 7 March 2011.

Retrieved 9 May 2011. Indian Army Theme Song Jeena To Aise Jeena Download. • ^ Forsey, Helen (1 October 2010).

Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. Retrieved 23 January 2011. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 17 May 2009. • Smith, David E. (10 June 2010), (PDF), The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options, Kingston: Queen's University, p. 6, archived from (PDF) on 17 June 2010, retrieved 18 May 2010 • (March 2008), (PDF), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 1, retrieved 14 October 2009 • ^ Cox, Noel (September 2002).. Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law.

Perth: Murdoch University. Retrieved 17 May 2009. (PDF) (6 ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from (PDF) on 25 March 2009.

Retrieved 14 May 2008. • Marleau, Robert; Montpetit, Camille (2000).. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from on 28 August 2011.

Retrieved 28 September 2009. •, p. 16 • Russell, Peter (1983), 'Bold Statecraft, Questionable Jurisprudence', in Banting, Keith G.; Simeon, Richard,, Toronto: Taylor & Francis, p. 217, • Brode, Patrick (1 May 2006),, Law Times, retrieved 22 October 2012 • (2006).

Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada (published 28 June 2006). Retrieved 19 May 2009. • (2008 ed.). Queen's Printer for Canada. Pp. 5, 12, 20, 40, 49.. Retrieved 2 May 2012. The Royal Household.

Retrieved 2 May 2012. • (10 November 1952),, ed.,, Documents on Canadian External Relations, Ottawa, 18 – 867, retrieved 18 May 2009 •, III.9 & 11 • ^, The Executive • Boyce, Peter (2008), written at Sydney, Jackson, Michael D., ed., (PDF), Canadian Monarchist News, Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada (published October 2009), Autumn 2009 (30), p. 9, archived from (PDF) on 29 December 2009, retrieved 22 October 2009 • Office of the Governor General of Canada.. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from on 9 October 2006.

Retrieved 18 May 2009. • Neitsch, Alfred Thomas (2008). Acronis True Image 2014 Keygen Download No Virus. Canadian Parliamentary Review. Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.

Retrieved 22 May 2009. [ ] •, p. 8 • Nathan Tidridge (2011).. •, IV.17 •, IV.24 • (31 May 2000),, 56.1.2, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 20 November 2009 •.. 17 February 2000. Queen's Printer for Canada.

Retrieved 20 November 2009. • (27 March 2002),, 2.a, Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 18 November 2009 •, VI.92 •, VI.91 • Jackson, Michael D.

(2013),, Dundurn Press, p. 11,, retrieved 6 June 2014 • Tidridge, Nathan (2011),, Toronto: Dundurn Press, p. 19, • (PDF). Toronto: Ipsos Reid. 15 December 2008: 1. Retrieved 18 May 2010. • (2003), Joyal, Serge Joyal, ed., 'Which Criticisms are Founded?'

Protecting Canadian Democracy: The Senate You Never Knew, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 136 • Robson, John (2 November 2015).. National Post. Retrieved 5 November 2015. • Akin, David; de Souza, Mike; Mayeda, Andrew; O'Neill, Juliet (2 December 2008).. Retrieved 3 July 2009. • Urquhart, Ian (9 August 2015).. Toronto Star.

Retrieved 7 November 2015. Further reading [ ]. • Bourinot, John George (2008), Flint, Thomas Barnard, ed., (4th ed.), Lawbook Exchange, • Dawson, R. MacGregor; Dawson, W. Ward, Norman, ed.. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.. Retrieved 14 January 2011.

• Johnson, David (2006), (2nd ed.), Broadview Press, • Hale, Geoffrey (2006),, Broadview Press, • Malcolmson, Patrick; Myers, Richard (2009), (4th ed.), University of Toronto Press, • Morton, Frederick Lee (2002),, Frederick Lee, • Roy, Jeffrey (2006),, University of Ottawa Press, • Roy, Jeffrey (2007),, University of Ottawa Press, External links [ ] • • • • ] Information on the Government of Canada •.

Travel back to Confederation to see how Canada became a new nation. Our resource breaks down the responsibilities and parts of the federal government.

Recognize that Canada is a democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with the head of state being the King or Queen. Read the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, before writing your own Constitution for a new country. Create a presentation on one of the departments the federal government is responsible for, such as national defense or the post office. Understand that Canada is made up of provinces and territories, and that each has its own government under the federal system. Jump into the political process to elect the next Prime Minister, and see how a majority of minority government affects his or her leadership.

Aligned to your State Standards and written to Bloom's Taxonomy, additional writing tasks, crossword, word search, comprehension quiz and answer key are also included.